Gastroesophageal reflux disease, which is the backflow of stomach contents (including stomach acid) upward into the esophagus (the swallowing tube that extends from the mouth to the stomach and sits behind the breastbone). The lining of the stomach protects the stomach from the effects of its own acids. Because the esophagus lacks a similar protective lining, stomach acid that flows backward (refluxes) into it causes heartburn (also called dyspepsia).

Many people experience heartburn occasionally; however, people who get heartburn or other GERD symptoms persistently are considered to have GERD. GERD is the most common acid-related condition in Canada. About 10% to 20% of the western world suffers from GERD. Adults, children, and even infants can have GERD.

CAUSES OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASES(GERD):

GERD occurs when the valve that normally keeps acid in the stomach isn’t functioning properly. This valve is called the lower esophageal sphincter, or LES, and is located at the bottom of the esophagus. The acid that moves from the stomach into the esophagus damages its lining and can cause burning and pain.

Risk factors for GERD include:
• age (over 50 years old)
• being overweight or obese
• eating and drinking certain types of foods and drinks (see below)
• having excess abdominal fat
• pregnancy
• smoking
• asthma
• taking certain medications (e.g., NSAIDs, some antidepressants, calcium channel blockers, corticosteroids)

The following foods can cause symptoms of GERD, but may not necessarily cause GERD itself:
• alcoholic drinks
• chocolate
• coffee, tea, cola
• foods with high acid content (e.g., tomatoes, orange juice)
• fried or fatty foods
• garlic
• onions
• peppermint
• spicy foods

GERD may sometimes be associated with a condition called hiatus hernia in which a portion of the stomach lining pushes up through the diaphragm into the chest cavity. People with severe GERD almost always have a hiatus hernia.

SYMPTOMS OF GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASES(GERD):

The main symptom of GERD is heartburn, which is a burning pain behind the breastbone that can travel to the back of the throat. The pain can last up to two hours and is often worsened by eating, lying down, or bending over. Because heartburn and a heart attack have similar symptoms, it is important to note their differences. For someone having a heart attack, burning pain generally travels progressively down the left arm or both arms. For someone with GERD, the burning pain is localized to the upper chest. In addition, exercise may worsen the chest pain for someone having a heart attack (or someone with heart disease), while rest and certain medications may help to relieve it. On the other hand, the burning pain associated with GERD is usually not affected by physical activity. In any case, even people with characteristic features of GERD may require tests to ensure the symptoms are not being caused by a heart attack.

Other symptoms of GERD include regurgitation (swallowed food or liquid going back up into the throat or mouth), a sour or bitter taste in the throat or back of the mouth, excessive saliva, belching, upset stomach, or vomiting. People who inhale the reflux acid may experience coughing, hoarseness, or wheezing. Symptoms of GERD are generally worse after meals.

If GERD is not managed well, other complications can arise over time. These include:
• oesophageal strictures (scarring of the lining of the esophagus), which reduce the diameter of the esophagus and make swallowing difficult
• esophagitis (inflammation of the esophagus), which can make swallowing painful
• pharyngitis (inflammation of the throat), which affects the vocal cords and can alter a person’s voice and speech
• dental problems, such as an increased risk of cavities or tooth damage due to the acid reflux
• asthma, especially in adults

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